When it is exposed to a basic compound, the hydrogen ions react with the added base. Red litmus contains a weak diprotic acid. Azolitmin shows nearly the same effect as litmus. Some fractions of litmus were given specific names including erythrolitmin (or erythrolein), azolitmin, spaniolitmin, leucoorcein, and leucazolitmin. Acid-base indicators on litmus owe their properties to a 7-hydroxyphenoxazone chromophore. In contrast with orcein, the principal constituent of litmus has an average molecular mass of 3300. All of the chemical components of litmus are likely to be the same as those of the related mixture known as orcein, but in different proportions. The litmus mixture has the CAS number and contains 10 to around 15 different dyes. This reaction is irreversible, so the litmus is not acting as an indicator in this situation. For instance, chlorine gas turns blue litmus paper white the litmus dye is bleached because hypochlorite ions are present. Under acidic conditions, the solution is red, and under alkaline conditions, the solution is blue.Ĭhemical reactions other than acid–base can also cause a color change to litmus paper. Litmus can also be prepared as an aqueous solution that functions similarly. While all litmus paper acts as pH paper, the opposite is not true. For instance, ammonia gas, which is alkaline, turns red litmus paper blue. Wet litmus paper can also be used to test for water-soluble gases that affect acidity or basicity the gas dissolves in the water and the resulting solution colors the litmus paper. The main use of litmus is to test whether a solution is acidic or basic, as blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions, and red litmus paper turns blue under basic or alkaline conditions, with the color change occurring over the pH range 4.5–8.3 at 25 ☌ (77 ☏). For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.You should also add the template to the talk page.A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ] see its history for attribution. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation.If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality.Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 9,915 articles in the main category, and specifying |topic= will aid in categorization.Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.The application does not feature the functionality included in tools of the same feather, but it offers support for the most frequently used operations as far as DNA sequence analysis is concerned. Primers for PCR, sequencing, or mutagenesis can be designed and annotated, too. It sports automatic annotation of common features but it also offers the opportunity to do it manually in the case of coding sequences as well as more particular features. Features at a glanceĪmong the list of features available in SnapGene Viewer there is the possibility to create a DNA sequence file from punching in the sequence and export it to a GenBank format. There are multiple views available that allow toggling the display of enzymes on or off as well as showing the sequences, features or primers. However, a single look at the interface shows that the developers did their best to come up with a layout that is intuitive and comprehensive at the same time.Īs soon as a DNA file is loaded, there is a clear view of the map. User friendly interfaceĭue to the domain it has been built for, SnapGene is not accessible to all users. Getting the application on the system is done through an uneventful installation process that includes the option to associate specific file extensions (sequences, sequence traces and archives) with SnapGene Viewer. The application works with files as large as 1GB. SnapGene Viewer has been designed as a helpful tool for biologists to handle and exchange annotated DNA sequences easier and with less effort. Luckily, some developers provide the necessary digital instruments for analyzing this type of data in an easier way. Working with DNA sequences can be a difficult task, even for those who are familiar with the matter.
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